This is what happens to your Indian cities when you litter and throw away

A new book digs deep into the mountain of waste we are all creating all the time.

We’ve become more interested in supply chains in the past few years thanks to pandemic-related shortages and ethical concerns. But while we think a lot about where things come from, Oliver Franklin-Wallis wanted to write about where things eventually go—as waste.

“We’re only the middle point” in the journey of most objects we use, Franklin-Wallis told Quartz. His new book, Wasteland: The Secret World of Waste and the Urgent Search for a Cleaner Future, details the real journey of things we regularly dump and forget about.

In the US, the world’s most wasteful nation, each person produces around two kilograms of waste a day, according to a 2018 World Bank report. Partly, it’s human nature to distance ourselves physically and mentally from our refuse. In the global North, efficient waste collection systems also mean that “we see it as something we’ve solved: ‘Everything’s going to get recycled!’” Franklin-Wallis said.

Wasteland reveals a much more complicated reality. In large part, it’s the story of the thriving waste industry, a profitable business that makes money by turning scrap into reusable material. But it’s also a tale of crime, corruption (in more than one sense), and the terrible toll our waste takes on the environment and the humans whose lives revolve around it.

To illustrate these points, Franklin-Wallis described the journey of five of the most common items we discard. How many of these have you chucked out in the past month?

The final fate of your plastic Coke bottle

Most plastic water bottles are made of polyethene terephthalate (PET), which is by far the most recycled plastic. According to Wasteland, about 480 billion plastic bottles were sold worldwide in 2016, the last year for which reliable data is available.

In the global North, if you wash and throw away a Coke bottle, it will be taken to a recovery facility, baled with other plastic of the same type, and sold to a processor. The plastic is cleaned, chopped up, and turned into nurdles—the pellets used to make new plastic items.

Unfortunately, Franklin-Wallis explained, every time plastic is recycled, it becomes more impure and degrades; chemically, it begins to break down. The bottle’s next life might come as a thread in a T-shirt or as a toothbrush bristle. The next time, it will degrade further, often getting smokier and darker, ending up perhaps as a drainpipe.

Still, the process is pretty efficient and lucrative. “In the West, waste processing can be incredibly profitable because you have a bunch of people doing the processing for you in their homes, for free, and providing you with an essentially free raw material,” Franklin-Wallis said. But in most of the global South, no such infrastructure exists for various reasons, including tax systems and allocating that money, education, and government will.

In India, empty soda bottles are probably collected by waste pickers, the lowest-earning members of society; often, they’re families that include children. Pickers sort plastics and sell whatever they can in bulk, likely to a small local factory. The rest will be burned, end up down drains or in landfills, and often ultimately find their way into rivers and seas.

Supermarkets create vast volumes of food waste.

When it comes to unused bread or other food waste, most are probably guilty of throwing away too much. But an even bigger problem, Franklin-Wallis said, is food waste on an industrial scale. Takeaway sandwiches are a prime example. No company uses the ends of loaves, and just that wastage is “astronomical,” he said. Putting food into landfills produces methane, a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2.

Supermarkets are a big part of the problem because their job is to provide whatever customers might want, ordering farmers to produce that much and taking no responsibility for the waste created.

Some inventive solutions have been tested, including Toast Ale in the UK, which collects bread scraps to make starters for beer brewing. Some industrially wasted food is also fed into anaerobic digestion plants, creating energy.

But in one “grotesque side effect” of supermarkets demanding food at ever-lower prices (despite current inflation) and the pressures on farmers, Franklin-Wallis said, some farms have begun growing edible corn and selling it straight to power plants. All the land and water use in grain production occurs without that crop ever going through the middle stage of feeding people.